Raw Material Introduction｜Frangipani

▎Essential Oil Introduction

Frangipani is known as the 'Egg Flower' due to its creamy white petals resembling egg whites and its bright yellow center akin to an egg yolk. In Thailand, it is called 'Lilavadee,' a term that reflects its graceful posture and unique inner beauty. Additionally, when its leaves fall completely in February and March, its bare, thick green branches resemble deer antlers, giving it the nickname 'Deer Antler Tree.' The original species of Frangipani, which was first discovered and named, bears the scientific name Plumeria rubra.

Its leaves thrive in clusters at the tips of branches, preferring to huddle together like siblings. Standing under the tree, you can clearly see the branches, which bear no leaves on the lower portions, leaving behind visible leaf scars where leaves have fallen. The leaf veins are very prominent and neatly arranged, as if drawn with a ruler. The fragrant flowers enhance its appeal as a garden tree. However, the entire plant contains toxic sap; the white latex is poisonous, and ingesting it may cause vomiting, diarrhea, fever, nausea, swollen lips, and a rapid heartbeat.

▎Component Analysis

｜Main Component: Benzyl salicylate

Frangipani has numerous clinical reports and studies regarding its pharmacological properties. Its complex composition includes special esters such as Benzyl Salicylate and Benzyl Benzoate, which make up approximately 50%. Additionally, it contains trace amounts of terpenols, cinnamaldehyde, benzoin, and coumarin, all of which contribute to its relaxing effects. The essential oil extracted from Frangipani can be used to manufacture high-end perfumes, cosmetics, and soaps.

｜Research Validation

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▎References

1. Khan IA, et al. Pharmacological Justification for the Medicinal Use of Plumeria rubra Linn. in Cardiovascular Disorders. Molecules. 2021. Dec 31;27(1):251.
2. Ismail SI, Mohmad Zaiwawi NL, Abdullah S, Jamian S, Saad N.
   First Report of Colletotrichum siamense causing Anthracnose on White Frangipani (Plumeria alba L.) in Malaysia. Plant Dis. 2021 Apr 15.
3. Zhang SN, Song HZ, Ma RJ, Liang CQ, Wang HS, Tan QG. Potential anti-diabetic isoprenoids and a long-chain δ-lactone from frangipani (Plumeria rubra). Fitoterapia. 2020 Oct;146:104684.
4. Sriasih NGK, Hadi MC, Suindri NN, Surati GA, Mahayati NMD. The Effect of Massage Therapy Using Frangipani Aromatherapy Oil to Reduce the Childbirth Pain Intensity. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2019 Jun 1;12(2):18-24.
5. Mohamed Isa SSP, et al. The Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Plumeria rubra Flowers. Molecules. 2018. Feb 13;23(2):400.
6. Kumar A, Solanki V, Verma HN, Mandal B. Characterisation and diagnosis of frangipani mosaic virus from India. Virus Genes. 2015 Oct;51(2):310-4.
7. Mata R, Reddy Nakkala J, Rani Sadras S. Catalytic and biological activities of green silver nanoparticles synthesized from Plumeria alba (frangipani) flower extract. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2015 Jun;51:216-25.
8. Shanmugam V, Manoharan S, Anandan S, Murugan R. Performance of dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated with extracts from fruits of ivy gourd and flowers of red frangipani as sensitizers. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2013 Mar;104:35-40.
9. Dabhadkar D, Zade V. Abortifacient activity of Plumeria rubra (Linn) pod extract in female albino rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2012 Oct;50(10):702-7.
10. Kuigoua GM, et al. Minor secondary metabolic products from the stem bark of Plumeria rubra Linn. displaying antimicrobial activities. Planta Med. 2010. Apr;76(6):620-5.
11. Lim MA, Hong JS, Song YS, Ryu KH. The complete genome sequence and genome structure of frangipani mosaic virus. Arch Virol. 2010 Sep;155(9):1543-6.
12. Boonclarm D, Sornwatana T, Arthan D, Kongsaeree P, Svasti J. beta-Glucosidase catalyzing specific hydrolysis of an iridoid beta-glucoside from Plumeria obtusa. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2006 Aug;38(8):563-70.

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