原料介紹｜索馬利亞乳香 (Frankincense)

▎精油簡介

優選產自索馬利亞，溫暖乾燥的加勒卡約地區。位於東非的索馬利亞加勒卡約地區，屬亞熱帶和熱帶沙漠氣候，終年高溫，乾燥少雨。這樣的氣候條件種植的乳香特別強韌。

索馬利亞乳香樹能適應貧瘠乾燥的環境，樹皮中流出乳白色樹脂，清新又悠遠的香氣，宛若一位深沉智者徐徐述說著歷史的沉澱。

▎成分解析

｜主要成分：單萜烯

索馬利亞乳香中，含有大量的單萜烯，主要成分為α-松油萜，初聞之下能瞬間開闊呼吸，且具黏膜保護作用；倍半萜稀中的沒藥稀具有很好的緩解發炎功效；含有高含量不同的酯類成分，能使呼吸加深、緩和，進而讓人產生平靜的感覺，可以使身、心、靈達到和諧、合一的放鬆效果，索馬里乳香也可以幫助行氣走竄、調理血瘀，同時在身上的作用時效也比較長。

｜成分1：α-松萜烯(α-pinene)

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｜比較索馬里乳香和印度乳香的差異

俗名	索馬利亞乳香	印度乳香
拉丁學名	Boswellia carterii	Boswellia serrata
別名	阿拉伯乳香、東非乳香	-
產地	索馬利亞	印度
成分	α-松萜烯、沒藥稀、酯類	醚類和酯類

｜藥用乳香的品種主要有4種

• 卡氏乳香樹Boswellia carterii Birdw.，分佈在阿曼、葉門、索馬里。
• 乳香樹Boswellia sacra Fluck.，分佈在索馬里。
• 紙乳香樹Boswellia papyrifera (Del) Hochst.，分佈在衣索比亞、蘇丹、厄利垂亞、奈及利亞、烏干達、喀麥隆、中非共和國、查德。
• 齒葉乳香樹Boswellia serrata Roxb. ，分佈在印度。乳香根據顏色，純度，年齡，香氣，形狀和產地進行分級。

｜乳香小知識

乳香因為價格較貴，而鬆香與乳香性狀相似，市場上常有用松脂或鬆香、澱粉摻制的偽劣品出現，2012年抽樣的50件樣品中，有23件為偽劣品，其中22件驗出松香酸，13件驗出澱粉。 2017年抽驗5個不同地區（亳州、杭州、成都、上海、重慶）市售乳香，顯示皆為衣索比亞乳香，其中含量均符合標準，然而卻發現有不同程度的摻偽松香酸。松香中的松香酸換算所摻入的松香均小於0.1%，但是松香酸有小毒，長期對人體有其危害，因此對乳香進行松香酸的檢查有其必要性。

｜原料認證

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▎參考文獻

1. Kazemian A, et al. Evaluating the efficacy of mixture of Boswellia carterii, Zingiber officinale, and Achillea millefolium on severity of symptoms, anxiety, and depression in irritable bowel syndrome patients. J Res Med Sci. 2017; 22: 120.
2. Yang, H.; Woo, J.; Pae, A.-N.; Um, M.-Y.; Cho, N.-C.; , J.; Lee, C.-J.; Cho, S. (2016). "α-Pinene, a major constituent of pine tree oils, enhances non-rapid eye movement sleep in mice through GABAA-benzodiazepine receptors". Molecular Pharmacology. 90 (5): 530–539.
3. Mahmoudvand, H.; Sheibani, V.; Keshavarz, H.; Shojaee, S.; Esmaeelpour, K.; Ziaali, N. (2016). Journal of Parasitology. 11 (2): 177–185
4. Mohamed, A. A., Ali, S. I., Kabiel, H. F., Hegazy, A. K., Kord, M. A., & EL-Baz, F. K. (2015). Assessment of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil and Extracts of Boswellia carteri Resin. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 7, 502-509.
5. Potentiating Antidepressant Action of Boswellia Serrata in Acute Models of Depression: A Preclinical Study. January 2013
6. Rafie Hamidpour, Frankincense (Frankincense Rǔ Xiāng; Boswellia Species): From the Selection of Traditional Applications to the Novel Phytotherapy for the Prevention and Treatment of Serious Diseases J Tradit Complement Med. 2013 Oct-Dec; 3(4): 221– 226.
7. Prabhakar Adake 1*, Chandrashekar R 2 , S.N. Rao 3 .Preclinical evaluation of antidepressant activity of Boswellia serrata by Tail Suspension Test. Journal No: 7725 Vol. 2 No. 5 2013.
8. Russo, E. B. (2011). "Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects". British Journal of Pharmacology. 163 (7): 1344–1364.
9. M. Z. Siddiqui. Boswellia Serrata, A Potential Antiinflammatory Agent: An Overview. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011 May-Jun; 73(3): 255–261.
10. Nissen, L.; Zatta, A.; Stefanini, I.; Grandi, S.; Sgorbati, B.; Biavati, B.; et al. (2010). varieties (Cannabis sativa L.)". Fitoterapia. 81 (5): 413–419.
11. Krishanu Sengupta et al. Comparative Efficacy and Tolerability of 5-Loxin® and Aflapin® Against Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Clinical Study. Int J Med Sci. 2010; 7(6): 366– 377.
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13. Kimmatkar N et al. Efficacy and tolerance of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee--a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2003 Jan;10(1):3-7.
14. Pungle P, et al. Immunomodulatory activity of boswellic acids of Boswellia serrata Roxb. Indian J Exp Biol. 2003 Dec;41(12):1460-2.
15. Gerhardt H. et al. Therapy of active Crohn disease with Boswellia eseratta extract. Z Gastroenterol. 2001; 39: 11-17.
16. Gupta I. et al. Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis. Eur J Med Res 1997 Jan; 2(1): 37-43.
17. Gupta I. et al. Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with bronchial asthma: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week clinical study. Eur J Med Res 1998 Nov 17;3(11): 511-4.
18. Study on the origin of frankincense (Ⅱ). Characters, microscope, TLC and HPLC identification techniques to analyze three kinds of frankincense. Wang Zhao, Sun Lei, Kang Shuai, etc. Chinese Materia Medica 2014, 37(6): 981-984. 19. Commodity survey and quality testing method research of frankincense. Zhong Mingcheng, Rao Weiwen, Xiao Cong. Chinese Modern Applied Pharmacy 2012, 26(5): 409-414. 20. Quality evaluation of frankincense commercially available in 5 different regions and inspection of rosin which is easily adulterated. Zhai Xin, Pang Kejian, Tang Hui, etc. Shi Zhen Guo Yi Guo Yao 2017, 28(8): 1866-1869.

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